.
Background. Tanaga volcano, the second largest volcanic center of the central Aleutians, is the central and highest of three youthful stratovolcanoes oriented along a roughly E-W line at the NW tip of Tanaga Island. Arcuate ridges to the E and S may represent the rim of an older caldera that cuts an older shield-like volcano. Most Holocene eruptions originated from Tanaga volcano itself, which consists of two large cones, the western of which is the highest, constructed within a caldera whose 400-m-high rim is prominent to the SE. At the westernmost end of the Tanaga complex is conical Sakaja, a 1,304-m-high double cone that may be the youngest of the three volcanoes. A thick blanket of fine ash that may have accumulated over the past several thousand years covers much of Tanaga Island.
Source: Alaska Volcano Observatory http://www.avo.alaska.edu/activity/avoreport.php?view=update
Tanaga Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1101-08-
TUNGURAHUA Ecuador 1.47°S, 78.44°W; summit elev. 5,023 m
During 23-28 November, volcanic activity at Tungurahua remained at low levels with small emissions of steam and gas, with low ash content. Plumes rose to a maximum height of ~6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. on 23 November.
Background. The steep-sided Tungurahua stratovolcano towers more than 3 km above its northern base. It sits ~140 km S of Quito, Ecuador's capital city, and is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes. Historical eruptions have been restricted to the summit crater. They have been accompanied by strong explosions and sometimes by pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached populated areas at the volcano's base. The last major eruption took place from 1916 to 1918, although minor activity continued until 1925. The latest eruption began in October 1999 and prompted temporary evacuation of the town of Baños on the N side of the volcano.
Source: Instituto Geofisico-Escuela Poltecnica Nacional http://www.igepn.edu.ec/vulcanologia/tungurahua/actividad/informet.htm
Tungurahua Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1502-08=
ULAWUN New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea 5.04°S, 151.34°E; summit elev.
2,334 m
A thin plume emitted from Ulawun was visible extending N on satellite imagery on
23 November.
Background. The symmetrical basaltic to andesitic Ulawun stratovolcano is the highest volcano of the Bismarck arc, and one of Papua New Guinea's most frequently active. Ulawun rises above the N coast of New Britain opposite Bamus volcano. The upper 1,000 m of the 2,334-m-high volcano is unvegetated. A steep-walled valley cuts the NW side of the volcano, and a flank lava-flow complex lies to the S of this valley. Historical eruptions date back to the beginning of the 18th century. Twentieth-century eruptions were mildly explosive until 1967, but after 1970 several larger eruptions produced lava flows and basaltic pyroclastic flows, greatly modifying the summit crater.
Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Center http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html
Ulawun Information from the Global Volcanism Program http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0502-12=
********************************************************* Gari Mayberry US Geological Survey/Global Volcanism Program
Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History MRC-119 Dept. of Mineral Sciences Washington, DC 20560-0119
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 148 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Fri, Dec 16, 2005 (19:24) * 74 lines
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Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network Volume 30, Number 10, October 2005
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Sierra Negra (Ecuador) Eruption ends 30 October; some lava on NE flank, more on E caldera floor East Pacific Rise at 10 L
44'N (Pacific Ocean) November 2003 visit finds evidence of very recent eruption Arenal (Costa Rica) Frequent pyroclastic flows from crater C since August 2004 Pacaya (Guatemala) Steam clouds and tremor in 2004; incandescence and lava flows in 2005 Santa Maria (Guatemala) Partial dome collapses in 2004; explosions and ash columns in 2005 Endeavour Segment (Juan de Fuca Ridge) Intense earthquake swarm in February-March 2005 Ol Doinyo Lengai (Tanzania) Lava continues to spill over crater rim through much of 2005
Editors: Rick Wunderman, Catherine Galley, Edward Venzke, and Gari Mayberry Volunteer Staff: Robert Andrews, Jacquelyn Gluck, Jerome Hudis, William Henoch, and Stephen Bentley
Sierra Negra Gallapagos Islands, Ecuador
0.83 L S, 91.17 L W; summit elev. 1,490 m All time are local (= UTC - 6 hours)
Our last report (BGVN 30:09) described the first five days of this eruption, and was taken largely from a valuable joint report of Ecuadorbreport information from several sources on these topics: (a) initial observations of the eruption, (b) caldera-floor deformation prior to the eruption, (c) observations of the eruptionbOctober (when it ended), and (d) satellite infrared observations of thermal fluxes associated with the eruption. Eruptionb30:09), the eruption began around 1730 on 22 October 2005, when an explosion was heard by many residents of the volcanobSatellite images showed no activity at 1715, but revealed a large eruption at 1745 local time (2345 UTC). The eruption cloud reached an estimated altitude of at least 15 km (50,000 ft) and was moving SW. At about this time, passengers and crew on Lindblad Expeditionsbpassenger vessel M/N Polaris had an excellent view of the eruptive plume (figure 1). Lucho Verdesoto, the expedition leader, reported that the ship was then at Cerro Dragon, Santa Cruz isl
nd. Sunset was at 1753. As night fell they sailed to a position ~ 18 km NE of the volcano, where they had clear views of flows descending the volcanob(figure 2).
Figure 1. Early photo of the Sierra Negra plume from the cruise ship Polaris, anchored off NW Santa Cruz island around sunset on 22 October
2005. Courtesy of Lucho Verdesoto.
Figure 2. Lava spews skyward from circumferential fissure vents near the N rim of Sierra Negra caldera as flows descend the upper N flank. The photos were taken on 22 October, during the first few hours of the eruption, from the Polaris. Courtesy of Lucho Verdesoto.
Naturalist Carman Guzman wrote, bso we decided to move the Polaris to a much closer location. After dinner, we were only eleven miles from the eruption itself. What a thrill! The darkness of the night enhanced the beauty of the fiery reds and oranges that were seen at the top of the caldera. We spent several hours enjoying this rare and fantastic event. Rivers of lava were running down the slopes of the volcano and enormous flames were lighting up the sky.b According to NASA MODIS imagery and VAAC/NOAA reports, on 25 October
2005 a large plume of gases and steam was observed in GOES 12 imagery for 1545 local time (2145 UTC). The plume extended ~ 460 km W and SW of the summit at an altitude of ~ 4.6 km. Figure 3 shows the average concentration of SO2 over the Sierra Negra plume as imaged by NASAbAura satellite for the period 23 October-1 November.
Figure 3. The average concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) over Sierra Negra from 23 October-1 November measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASAbfrom the ground, OMI stopped seeing measurable sulfur dioxide coming from the volcano on 31 October. The column abundances of SO2 appear on the associated key (in Dobson Units, DU, a product of concentration and pathlength that reflects the number of SO2 molecules in a unit area of the atmospheric column). Courtesy of NASA Earth Observatory/Natural Hazards website.
Deformation monitoring. In the early stages of this eruption, Bill Chadwick (NOAA) submitted a report on pre-eruption deformation (figure
4). The plot shows both Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and GPS data on vertical deformation of the caldera floor. Chadwick wrote that he, Dennis Geist (University of Idaho), and Dan Johnson (University of Puget Sound, recently deceased) installed a 27 station GPS network at Sierra Negra in 2000, that was reoccupied in 2001 and 2002 (Geist and others, in press). With help from UNAVCO (a consortium supporting high-precision deformation measurements), the group then added a 6-station, continuous GPS network in 2002. Since then, there occurred a change from caldera subsidence to caldera uplift in March 2003. During this uplift, an M 4.6 earthquake on 16 April 2005 marked trapdoor faulting. The continuous GPS network measured a surface displacement of 85 cm within 10 seconds. Both this event and the previous case of trapdoor faulting in
1997-8-documented by satellite measurements using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) (Amelung and others, 2000)-were preceded by over a meter of inflation (JC3nsson and others, 2005). Both the 1997-98 and 2005 trapdoor movements occurred along the caldera floorb Figure 4. Recent history of uplift at the center of Sierra Negrabcaldera. The data plotted are only through April 2005 when the trapdoor faulting event occurred. Although not plotted, GPS data since April has continued to indicate robust deformation. Courtesy Bill Chadwick, NOAA.
Aside from its immediate affects, the April 2005 earthquake left the later inflation rate unchanged. Caldera-centered uplift has continued since then without pause at about the same high rate. During the interval from March 2002 to April 2005 there was about ~ 1.2 m of uplift. Rates after the April 2005 earthquake are not plotted but were roughly the same as those during the interval March 2002-April 2005. The only other large earthquakes at Sierra Negra in the last year were an M
4.0 on 23 February 2005, which was associated with a small (2 cm) displacement near the trapdoor fault, an M 4.6 on 19 September 2005 that caused no obvious displacements, and an M 5.5, just 3 hours before the
22 October eruption started. The GPS data has not yet been processed. Field descriptions of the eruption. The eruption began on 22 October with venting along a 2-km fissure near the calderabThe fissure descended the calderabfed both northward down the outer N flank and southward onto the NE caldera floor. Although flows reached 5 km down the outer flank, flow into the caldera soon dominated, with strong channels descending inner caldera slopes before combining to form a wide a'a flow banked against the calderabdiscussion, BGVN 30:09). Figure 5 is a photo taken by Greg Estes on 24 October. It highlights the vigorous venting and intracaldera flows at that point in the eruption. Figure 6, a post-eruption satellite photo, illustrates the broad pattern of still-cooling, erupted lavas (which appear as light colored areas on this 2 November thermal-infrared image). Although this may represent the best overview of the new lavas at this time, some of the thinnest flows or chilled flow features may not appear on this
image.
Figure 5. The Sierra Negra eruption setting as viewed from the E caldera rim. The fissure vent was vigorously emitting fountains, and there were several anastomosing lava flows pouring into the caldera. Photo was taken at night on 24 October 2005, day 3 of the eruption. The scattered glow in the foreground was due to ponded lava covering the calderabfloor. Courtesy of Greg Estes (GalC!pagos resident and Park Guide).
Figure 6. The Sierra Negra eruption setting as viewed from space in a false color ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) infrared image taken at night on 2 November, ~ 3 days after the eruption ended. N is towards the top. Caldera is 7 x 10.5 km across. Note the extra-caldera, N-flank lava flows, the lunate zone of ponded lavas along the E caldera. NASA image created by Jesse Allen, Earth Observatory, using data provided courtesy of courtesy of Eric Fielding (NASA/JPL), the NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team.
By 26 October, fissure activity had narrowed to one major vent very near the N rim, but at 0830 on the 27th, eyewitness Godfrey Merlin reported that a second vent opened downslope and SE of the first. This new vent did not diminish the activity of the first, meaning that the total flux of erupting lava nearly doubled. by about 1400 on the 27th, a team including Dennis Geist (University of Idaho), Terry Naumann (University of Alaska), and Karen Harpp (Colgate University) had arrived at the E caldera rim and began sending back a series of valuable reports. Their first report noted a major vent immediately below GPS station SN12 on the rim NE of the caldera's center. This vent emitted a large intracaldera a'a flow. Some active N-flank vents stood about 300-400 m NW of a station (GV01) on the calderab50 m high. Most lava being erupted was flowing into the caldera,
although some of the scoria from the fountains was falling outside the caldera and then forming a short, sluggish flow. Lava inside the caldera was cascading from the vents down the slope on the N edge of the caldera in 3 main channels, each 30-40 m across, with lava flowing at ~10 m/s (36 km/h) and in some cases over 10 m/s, and coalescing into a major a'a flow to the S. On the caldera floor these channels merged into one big a'a channel about 100 m wide that flowed more slowly both to the S, clockwise along the base of the E caldera wall, and into the moat along the S edge of the caldera floor. Pahoehoe outbreaks occurred along the margins of the major a'a flow. New a'a lava covered an estimated one-third of the caldera floor. The report for 28 October noted that the eruption was still going strong. There were no significant new events on this day, but it appeared that the lava flux had increased because the vents looked wider wider and there seemed to be a lot more gas emitted. The lava continued to feed
from the vents to the caldera floor in two large streams, each ~
20 m across with lava traveling at 5-10 m/s, adding up to probably hundreds of millions of cubic meters of lava per day. The a'a field continued to grow. The group reached the caldera floor and were able to sample both lava and tephra. By 0700 on the 29th some of the vents had shut down and the two lava channels to the W (previously fed by the upper vent) stopped moving. The lower vent still emitted lava and fed one channel E of the others. The team estimated the channel to be ~ 10 m wide and moving ~5 m/s. Assuming a 2-m depth, the lava flux was 5 to 10 million cubic meters per day, about half that seen the morning of the 29th The emission rate continued to diminish throughout the 29th and by the evening it was only 10-20% of that seen on the 28th. In addition, the amount of gases emitted decreased such that the gas plume only rose ~ 1 km, whereas earlier plumes had risen to several kilometers. The lower vent was no longer fountaining continuously as it had on the 28th; instead the fountaining came in bur
ts at intervals of about 1-30 seconds. A lava lake sloshed around in the lower ventblava escaped this crater along a breach in the crater rim. The upper vent (the one that shut off) was still incandescent with a lot of gas coming out, so it was possible that there was a lava lake there too. The eruption appeared to end on the 30th. Glow was observed at 0200, but had ceased by 0400. The vents still emitted gas, but not fresh lava. However, it was possible that there was still N-flank activity. There were reports of lava flows there, and while it was certain that at least some of these flows were clastogenic (composed of spatter from fire fountains that accumulated and then began to flow), it was uncertain whether there were also actively erupting flank vents. The team remained separated from this area by hot lava, thwarting reconnaissance. Initial estimates of the coverage of the caldera floor were an area of ~ 14 km2. Assuming a 3-4 m average flow thickness, this was ~ 0.05 km3 (50,000,000 m3) of lava. Ther
were obviously high error bars on this estimate, but it was clearly much less than the ~ 1 km3 extruded in the 1979 eruption. MODVOLC Thermal Alerts. A large set of thermal hotspots in multispectral imagery was observed beginning late 22 October (local time and date) and continuing through 16 November 2005 (figure 7). Although MODVOLC data were missing for some days and reduced for others (presumably due to cloud cover screening the radiation from the satellite) these hot-spot pixels dramatically document the course of the eruption. Data on figure 7 appear consistent with in-situ observations, in that by the second day, lava was at least 5 km down the outer N slope and covering much of the E caldera floor. By the 8th day (30 October), the outer slope flows had cooled significantly, but flows inside the caldera had continued their clockwise advance, filling all low points to the extreme SW corner of the caldera. Ten days later (9 November), the eruption had ended and only flows from the vents to the SE cald
ra floor were still emitting detectable heat. The last pixels observed, two above the original vent area on the N rim, were on 16 November.
Figure 7. Selected images of MODVOLC thermal anomalies for Sierra Negra measured from satellite (MODIS) data at three days during and after the
2005 eruption. Part A presents an overview of the region (smaller scale than the other images) on 24 October. Parts B-D give a zoom-in on the 7 x 10.5 km caldera. Part B represents 24 October; Part C, 30 October; and part D, 9 November 2005. Since the eruption ended 30 October, the latter two images must thus portray the post-eruptive thermal inertial of the cooling lavas. Courtesy of Hawai`i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai`i.
References: Amelung, F., JC3nsson, S., Zebker, H., and Segall, P.,
2000, Widespread uplift and bobserved with radar interferometry: Nature, v. 407, p.
993-996. Geist, D.J., Chadwick, W.W., Jr., and Johnson, D.J., in press, Results from new GPS monitoring networks at Fernandina and Sierra Negra volcanoes, GalC!pagos, 2000-2002: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (in press). JC3nsson, S., H. Zebker, and F. Amelung, 2005, On trapdoor faulting at Sierra Negra volcano, GalC!pagos; Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 144, p. 59-71. Background. The broad shield volcano of Sierra Negra at the southern end of Isabela Island contains a shallow 7 x 10.5 km caldera that is the largest in the GalC!pagos Islands. The 1,490-m-high volcano is elongated in a NNE direction. Although Sierra Negra is the largest of the five major Isabela volcanoes, it has the flattest slopes, averaging less than
5 degrees and diminishing to 2 degrees near the coast. A sinuous, N-S-trending ridge occupies the W part of the caldera floor, which lies only 100 m below its rim. VolcC!n de Azufre, the largest fumarolic area in the GalC!pagos Islands, lies within a graben between this ridge and the W caldera wall. The 1979 lava flows from Sierra Negra extend all the way to the N coast from circumferential fissure vents on the upper northern flank, an area dotted with cinder and spatter cones. Sierra Negra, along with Cerro Azul and VolcC!n Wolf, is one of the most active of Isabela Islandb Information Contacts: Lucho Verdesoto and Carman Guzman, M/N Polaris, GalC!pagos Islands, Ecuador (Email: explead.polaris@expeditions.amosconnect.com); Francisco Dousdebes, GalC!pagos Expedition Manager, Metropolitan Touring, Ecuador (Email: fdousbedes@metropolitan-touring.com); Lindblad Expeditions (URL: http://www.expeditions.com/); U.S. National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA), (URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.go
/; http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/); Bill Chadwick, Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies (CIMRS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), Oregon State University, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA (Email: William.W.Chadwick@noaa.gov); Dennis Geist, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3022 USA (Email: dgeist@uidaho.edu); Terry Naumann, Department of Geology, University of Alaska at Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99598, USA (Email: aftrn@uaa.alaska.edu; URL: http://geology.uaa.alaska.edu/); Karen Harpp, Department of Geology, Colgate University, 408 Lathrop Hall, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA (Email: kharpp@mail.colgate.edu; URL: http://classes.colgate.edu/kharpp/khwebpage/); MODVOLC Alerts Team, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP), University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1680 East-West Road, Post 602, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/).
East Pacific Rise at 10 L
44bPacific Ocean
10.73 L N, ~ 105 L W
In a recent publication, Rubin and van der Zander (2005) discuss radiometric methods for dating lavas as one means to establish eruption chronologies. Some of their techniques were applied to samples of fresh lava (erupted September-October 2003) found on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 10 L
44bkm WNW of the GalC!pagos Islands. During a November 2003 biological sampling visit to the EPR at 10 L
44bexpected to be revisiting an established hydrothermal vent field. Instead, they found indicia all of which were consistent with a recent eruption, notably fresh lava, bacterial mats, and diffuse snow- blower vents issuing from lava collapses. The team acted immediately after the cruise by sending the lava samples to the University of Hawai`i for dating. Researchers there determined that an eruption had occurred within 1 to 2 months prior to the site visit. A hydrophone array (designated N-EPR) nominally monitored this part of the EPR since 1996, but not in real time. Unfortunately, the system failed to record data during the 2002-2004 interval due to a hardware problem. Ages for lavas erupted within the past 1.5-2 years were determined with the 210Po-210Pb dating method (Rubin and others, 1994). To use this method, analyses should begin as soon as possible after samples are collected from suspected eruption locales. Radioactive disequilibrium is largest, and temporal resolution of the method is highest,
immediately following eruption. According to Rubin and van der Zander (2005, p. 28) bwhen they erupt. This creates an initial 210Po (half-life = 138.4 day) deficit relative to grand parental 210Pb in freshly erupted magmas. This deficit is subsequently erased with time via radioactive ingrowth toward secular equilibrium.b References: Rubin, K.H., Macdougall, J.D., and Perfit, M.R., 1994,
210Po-210Pb dating of recent volcanic eruptions on the seafloor: Nature, v. 368, p. 841-844. Rubin, K., and van der Zander, I., 2005, Obtaining high-resolution chronologies of submarine lava eruptions: Better dating through radiochemistry: Ridge 2000 Events, v. 3 (Spring 2005), p. 28-30. Voight, J. R., Zierenberg, R.A., McClain, J., and the Science Party: Batson, P., Beers, K., Daly, M., Dushman, B., Gollner, S., Govenar, B., Haney, T.A., Hourdez, S., Liow, L.H., Parker, C., Von Damm, K., Zekley, J., and Zelnio, K.A., 2004, FIELD cruise to the northern EPR: Discoveries made during biological investigations from 8 L
37bL
48b Information Contact: Ken Rubin, Department of Geology and Geophysics, SOEST, University of Hawai`i, 1680 East West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (Email: krubin@hawaii.edu).
Arenal Costa Rica
10.463 L N, 84.703 L W; summit elev. 1,657 m All times are local (= UTC - 6 hours)
As described in the previous Arenal report (BGVN 29:08), on 6 July
2004 a series of pyroclastic flows descended the NE flank. These flows resulted from the collapse of the upper portions of a lava flow, and affected areas beyond those affected by pyroclastic flows during
1999-2003. Similar events have been common in recent years on the volcanobflows, and sporadic strombolian eruptions through 2004 and at least as late as November 2005. Throughout the period of this report (August
2004-September 2005) the lava flow that began to be emitted towards the NE flank in June 2004 remained active. Occasional blocks spalled off the N edge of the crater towards the NE. The NE and SE flanks continued to be affected by pyroclastic flows and acid rain. Crater D displayed fumarole activity from July 2004 through September 2005. The seismograph station VACR (2.9 km NE of the active Crater C) was out of service from
24 June 2004 until 20 August 2004. Table 1 summarizes the seismicity registered at VACR from August 2004 to September 2005.
Table 1. Seismic activity registered at Arenalb2004 - September 2005. From 24 June to 20 August 2004 VACR was not operating. No data were reported for ecember 2004. Courtesy of OVSICORI-UNA.
During July 2004-January 2005, pyroclastic flows were produced by the collapse of the active lava flow front. In August 2004 some eruptions generated ash columns higher than 500 m above Crater C. Through most of February 2005 Arenal was hidden by storm clouds, but late in the month it could be observed that the lava flow formerly active on the NE flank had stopped, and no other active flow was seen. The number of eruptions and the amount of ejected pyroclastic material were both reduced in February, and few eruptions produced plumes as high as 500 m. The dome in Crater C continued to grow. At the beginning of March a SW-trending lava flow was observed, and blocks were ejected to the W. During April 2005 this flow continued, and ejected blocks caused small fires in the surrounding vegetation. A new lava flow began on the SE flank, and blocks ejected to the S and SE again caused fires. In May and June 2005 the SW flow continued. In July the SW lava flow deposited blocks towards the SW, the W and the NW. The S
lava flow released small avalanches off its front and sides. Occasional eruptions produced ash columns higher than 500 m above Crater C. In August 2005 the SE lava flow stopped. Few eruptions produced ash columns higher than 500 m above Crater C. During September 2005 the SW lava flow was active and deposited blocks to the SW, the W and the NW. The NE and SE flanks continued to be affected by the fall of pyroclastic material and acid rain. Observatorio VulcanolC3gico y SismolC3gico de Costa Rica -Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that around 1500 on 2 November a pyroclastic flow was observed on the SE flank of Arenal. On 3 November researchers from OVSICORI-UNA visited the affected area and, contrary to what witnesses had reported, determined that the 2 November event took place on the W flank of the volcano. The mid-size pyroclastic flow produced gas, dust, and ash that were carried by strong winds towards the SE. Despite the rainy and hazy conditions during the fieldwork it was possible to con
irm the affected area and deposits. The movement of lava flows on the SW flank had been observed for the last several months. Materials descending from the summit bifurcate, covering a wide fan that ranges from the W to the SW flank. The main pyroclastic flow affected an area from the summit down to ~ 1000 m altitude. A smooth alley was carved in the steep walls of upper W flank by the transport of incandescent material. Most of the material was deposited in a distal zone 75 m wide, at the break in the steep upper cone slope. Samples were taken from hot loose blocks spalled from the lava flow; one block was still at 154 B:C, and was accompanied by several other massive blocks that were fractured by rapid cooling and rough transport. There is evidence that the fine fall material was only deposited in the upper and middle part of the edifice towards the SE. Given the sustained deposition of material in the area, visitors were advised to follow instructions and safety measures and adhere to the advice of the P
rk Rangers and tour guides. Background. Conical VolcC!n Arenal is the youngest stratovolcano in Costa Rica and one of its most active. The 1,657-m-high andesitic volcano towers above the E shores of Lake Arenal, which has been enlarged by a hydroelectric project. Arenal lies along a volcanic chain that has migrated to the NW from the late-Pleistocene Los Perdidos lava domes through the Pleistocene-to-Holocene Chato volcano, which contains a 500-m-wide, lake-filled summit crater. The earliest known eruptions of Arenal took place about 7,000 years ago, and it was active concurrently with Cerro Chato until the activity of Chato ended about 3,500 years ago. Growth of Arenal has been characterized by periodic major explosive eruptions at several-hundred-year intervals and periods of lava effusion that armor the cone. Arenalbmajor explosive eruption in 1968. Continuous explosive activity accompanied by slow lava effusion and the occasional emission of pyroclastic flows has occurred since then from vents at the su
mit and on the upper W flank. Information Contacts: Eliecer Duarte, Observatorio VulcanolC3gico y SismolC3gico de Costa Rica, Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA), Apartado
86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica. (URL: http://www.ovsicori.una.ac.cr/).
Pacaya Guatemala
14.381 L N, 90.601 L W; summit elev. 2,552 m All times are local (= UTC - 6 hours)
Frequent steam plumes through 2002 and 2003 indicated that Pacaya was active, although incandescence from the long-term lava lake ended after June 2001. During the latter half of October 2003 constant steam and abundant emissions of water and gas were being blown to the NNW and W of the volcano (BGVN 28:10). All of the following information is derived from the reports of Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e Hydrologia (INSIVUMEH). Throughout November and December 2003 and the first half of 2004, abundant clouds and columns of white and off-white gases and steam were expelled from Pacaya, generally reaching less than 400 m above the volcano and dispersing mostly to the W and SW; these were occasionally visible from Guatemala City, 30 km to the NNE. During June, July, and August 2004, near-continuous tremor and frequent long-period earthquakes were recorded at seismograph station PCG (~ 1.4 km to the W of Pacaya). On 14 June, weak incandescence was observed in the central crater of M
cKenney Cone for the first time since August
2000. Pacaya continued to expel off-white smoke and/or steam which usually drifted to the S and SW and rose to 150-300 m above the volcano. On 19 July, ejection of small lava fragments began to form a cone in the bottom of the central crater of MacKenney Cone. During September-November 2004, tremor increased somewhat (from ~
2mm in June, July, and September to 4-7 mm in December), and white steam and/or gas plumes rose 300-500 m above MacKenney Cone. Incandescence was observed throughout this time and lava clasts were expelled from the MacKenney Cone on 7-9 December. On 3 January 2005, small expulsions of incandescent lava clasts rose from the central crater, and a narrow lava flow from the S rim of the crater reached 75-100 m down the flank. Station PCG continued to register tremor, and incandescence and white plumes persisted. On 10 January, lava flowed ~ 30 m from the SW rim of the central crater of MacKenney Cone. On 12 January, two lava flows, one to the S ( ~ 125 m) and one to the SW (~ 50 m) left the central crater.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 149 of 192: Paul Terry Walhus (terry) * Fri, Mar 31, 2006 (14:56) * 1 lines
Marci were around for the Kileua eruption in '83?
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 150 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Sat, Apr 1, 2006 (13:49) * 1 lines
OH YES!!! That is why I am Kilauea83 on a lot of places.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 151 of 192: Paul Terry Walhus (terry) * Sat, Apr 1, 2006 (22:24) * 1 lines
What was it like?
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 152 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Tue, Apr 4, 2006 (20:49) * 3 lines
Great question. Let me collect my thoughta and write what it is like to know a volcano near you is erupting and what it is like to drive up then walk in to see it. What it looks like. What it sounds like; how it smells, tastes, feels.
I have been contemplating doing this anyway. Let me work on it now. Thank you for asking.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 153 of 192: Paul Terry Walhus (terry) * Wed, Apr 5, 2006 (23:37) * 1 lines
Thanks for doing this. The feeling and visuals must have been awesome.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 154 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Thu, Apr 6, 2006 (19:22) * 3 lines
My vocabulary is pretty good but this will tax it to the utmost.
In The Beginning...
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 155 of 192: Paul Terry Walhus (terry) * Thu, Apr 6, 2006 (23:45) * 2 lines
Good start.
Go on.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 156 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Sun, Apr 9, 2006 (15:01) * 5 lines
When you live on an active volcano with historic eruptions, you hope and expect to see it erupt. With that in mind, there are several ways to find out if it is happening. Early on, we wandered around at night looking up our dark street through the windows. Later we had radio broadcasts and television news to tell us that Kilauea was erupting. The best came later when we had scanner capabilities and had them tuned to the Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory and the National Park Service Rangers.
Kilauea's current eruption began at night on January 3, 1983. The glow up the usually dark street told us either the whole world was on fire up there or we were having another eruption. That glow has since been obliterated by the use of low pressure orange-colored street lights which match and cancel out any eruption glow that might be there.
As soon as it was ascertained that there WAS a new eruption occuring, Some of us ran for heavy jackets, others for water, cheese and apples, and yet another for the binoculars and cameras and flashlights. We were ready to recored the new earth forming.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 157 of 192: Paul Terry Walhus (terry) * Sun, Apr 9, 2006 (22:16) * 1 lines
Wow, this is getting exciting. I can't wait for the next episode.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 158 of 192: Tsiktsik (tsiktsik) * Sun, Apr 9, 2006 (22:44) * 9 lines
Came across this site doing research for Sangay, Tungurahua, and Reventador. Some recent pictures of Tung are available here ...
http://www.geocities.com/tsiktsikco/picsvolcano.html
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 159 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Mon, Apr 10, 2006 (13:49) * 5 lines
Tsiktsik, many thanks for posting that link. Your exeriences outrank mine by quite a bit. I will ad Mauna Loa after I get finished with Kilauea. Did you know the Kraffts?
I have so many questions for you I hardly know where to begin, but for starters I see you have Paracutin volcano included. It was my first volcano eruption and I'd really like to have a DVD or some form of video of the eruption (not in real life... in books.) I know the footage exists. I just can't find it for sale anywhere. Suggestions?
Welcome to Geo!
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 160 of 192: Curious Wolfie (wolf) * Mon, Apr 10, 2006 (19:04) * 1 lines
marcia, kilauea started to erupt in 1983? is it still in business?
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 161 of 192: Curious Wolfie (wolf) * Mon, Apr 10, 2006 (19:05) * 1 lines
*woops* forgot to close my tag *grin*
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 162 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Mon, Apr 10, 2006 (19:55) * 1 lines
Yes, as of this post Kilauea is erupting in a phase (last time I noted the phase it was 55) and has her own web camera http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/cam/index.htm
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 163 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Mon, Apr 10, 2006 (19:56) * 4 lines
0540 April 10
The main three vents, East Pond Vent, January Vent, and Drainhole, joined by South Wall Complex, are barely visible this morning owing to thick fume.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 164 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Mon, Apr 10, 2006 (20:05) * 7 lines
Now, as we drive the 30 or so miles to the eruption (uphill all the way) which takes about 45 minutes or so, let me tell you what we are wearing. We know we might get rained on so we each have light-weight ponchos stashed in our back packs. We wear several layers of hooded sweatshirts and wind proof jackets. The heaviest jeans are best for hiking, and mandatory is leather hiking boots covering the ankles as well as the foot. New lava is very sharp and broken. It is very easy to twist ankles and to get cuts. Flashlights with new fresh batteries are also mandatory and water bottles. Each one has his own stashed in back packs, too. Spam musubi and apples are my favorite hiking food but you can use apples and cheese and rice balls or cookies just as well. We are stuffed into the car with many layers on. In winter I would add thermal leggings to the lot under the jeans I am wearing. You need the hooded jackets to keep the lapilli from getting down your neck. New eruptions have high fountaining which
pins out volcanic glass and it gets into everything. Wearing some sort of eye protection is also a good idea.
Check which way the wind is going and plan to hike accordingly. Listen to the car scanner to see where they are opening the space to park near the activity.
Join the rest of the car parade snaking its way up the mountain. You should be ahead of most of the people who actually sleep at night.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 165 of 192: Curious Wolfie (wolf) * Tue, Apr 11, 2006 (18:52) * 1 lines
oh goodie, i lost the webcam, thanks for reposting!
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 166 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Wed, Apr 12, 2006 (18:13) * 1 lines
By this time you are begining to notice that the inky blackness of the outdoors is gaining a decidedly orange hue which is brighter near the horizon. As you ascend the mountain the glow brightens until it appears to be the world's largest forest fire happening right in front of you a few miles up the road. Anticipation mounts as you pass over the National Park Boundary and head for the Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory on the rim of the summit caldera of Kilauea Volcano. You are not the first to arrive by any means but you are one who is properly attired for the duration and you notice the others are all dressed much as you are complete with hiking boots covering the ankles. You park and walk and walk toward the buildings to gain more information. Then you see it.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 167 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Sun, Apr 16, 2006 (17:46) * 3 lines
Around the side of the building where all the seismographs are house you note that the glow up here in an intense orange bordering on becoming yeallow. You stretch to see more but you need to be clear of the building to do that. Rather than go inside to get the update, you walk as quickly as you can to the overlook into a dark summit caldera anc across to the source of the immense roar you hear. A great lava fountain is dancing before you. Higher and Higher it goes with several smaller fountains joining it. You speak to no one in particular that this is the famous "Curtain of Fire" with which such volcano eruptions begin. A crack opens when the magma has built up enough stress and fractures the rock above it seeking release. They will eventually seal themselves off saving the main fountain to contiue the eruption.
Thank you Æ for your encouragement. I am never sure if anyone reads what I post.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 168 of 192: Curious Wolfie (wolf) * Mon, Apr 17, 2006 (21:00) * 1 lines
silly goose, of course we read what you post *HUGS*
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 169 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Tue, Apr 18, 2006 (17:01) * 3 lines
I could divert my comments from the burgeoning eruption and tell you how to cut apples so they leave no trace behind while you hike, or how to wrap cheese without destroying it while in your backpack, but I think, like me, you are captivated by the scene in front of me, and want more information. People start walking up beside you, and like you they talk quietly to the inky blackness of the night broken by wildly gyrating fountains of molten rock. Your neck folds back on itself trying to see the very top. Gauging by the 45° angle straight out in front of you, it seems to cover at least 70° of your view. You wonder how high they are and how far away. In this surreal night vision nothing is as it seems. You finally wander back to the Observatory and go inside to find out anything they know about what is going on outside.
(Thank you, readers, for bearing with my terrible but excited typing. I am really enjoying reliving this great adventure.)
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 170 of 192: Rob Glennie (southernalps) * Thu, Apr 20, 2006 (05:46) * 9 lines
Kia Ora
I am waiting here for a report that says a debris dam plugging the outlet of Mount Ruapehu's crater lake, has finally failed. One formed after the 1995-96 eruption sequence, which emptied the lake. The lake level is now 1.2 metres or about 4ft above the hard rock rim, but the dam will most likely fail when the level is 5-7 metres (17-23ft above the rim).
It WILL fail. The last time this happened in 1953, it knocked out the railway bridge at Tangiwai minutes before a fully loaded passenger train crossed - 151 people were killed. This time we know it is going to happen eventually, as there is a warning system embedded in the river upstream, and the Ministry of Civil Defence has put together a response plan for dealing with the aftermath.
You will probably recall a few weeks ago NZ volcano Raoul Island erupted killing a Department of Conservation worker on the island. I just want to confirm no body has been found.
Rob
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 171 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Thu, Apr 20, 2006 (22:00) * 1 lines
Thanks for that update, Rob. Yes, I noticed that fatality. Volcanoes have killed a good number of people I know. Was there no warning?
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 172 of 192: Paul Terry Walhus (terry) * Fri, Apr 21, 2006 (13:18) * 10 lines
I got Rob's pictures up at
http://spring.net/geo/rob/
Funny thing. I created that page for Rob and went to save it. And I forgot what directory I was in and saved it right over the top of the geo main page. Oh boy. At first, I rushed off to the Wayback Machine and grabbed an old copy of the geo main page and installed it.
Then I realized that just last Sunday I got a new server up and running and copied every single file from the Spring on to it. So I just went over there and found last Sunday's geo main page and used that.
http://spring.net/geo/index.wayback.html is the page I dug out of the history archives. But it would have been out of date.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 173 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Sat, Apr 22, 2006 (22:20) * 1 lines
That is the link on Geo's front page that John of Greece created for his earthquake research data and other things not Geo conference. We'd never have gotten back here if you had done that. Please be careful. I love goback but it needs to go back to http://www.spring.net/yapp-bin/restricted/browse/geo/all or http://www.spring.net/yapp-bin/restricted/browse/geo/all/new. How big is this file? I may need to make a copy of it for myself. I can'r bear to think of it just disappearing because someone went "oops"
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 174 of 192: Paul Terry Walhus (terry) * Mon, Apr 24, 2006 (18:52) * 2 lines
Well, with the new server I have everyhing backed up daily. And I'll be adding another backup server as well.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 175 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Thu, Apr 27, 2006 (19:01) * 6 lines
As you walk back, you feel the earth moving beneath your feet. It is a kind of constant background rumble like an approaching train might make. You know from past experience that it is the multitude of earthquakes that accompany any volcanic eruption. The earth has been wrenched apart and liquid magma has forced itself to the surface. Gases trapped in the magma now burst free creating noxious fumes and an impressive cloud over the main vents.
Still the movement continue. At the rate magma is leaving the vent, you think it will stop soon since there just can't be that much molten rock down there. Time for an aside. If you can see molten rock, it is lava. If it is still underground but molten, it is magma.
The sound behind you is nothing like you expected. I'm not sure what I expected, but it sounded like hundreds of jet engine tethered just out of sight at full blast. The taste is strangely like dried celery leaves and so is the smell of the night rain on the hot rocks.
Inside the observatory, little knots of people are discussing what they know and what they have just seen, Coffee is unnecessary. There is nothing quite like a rawness of a new eruption to keep your senses alert, especially when you have just gotten to where you could see it. The seismographs are busy hitting the pins on either side of each drum. We are too close to the source of the motion to get anything like reliable measurements from these seismographs, but it is fun to watch them batting around making wild arcs on the paper. A ranger nearby is watching one of the staff geologists making a map. Now we will all know exactly where that fountain activity is happening and how close to it we will be allowed to go.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 176 of 192: Curious Wolfie (wolf) * Thu, Apr 27, 2006 (21:21) * 1 lines
how do you remember this with such detail? amazing, i can almost smell everything!
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 177 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Sun, Apr 30, 2006 (08:07) * 3 lines
Many years of attending eruptions and enthusiastic curiosity has made the whole experience a permanent part of my memory. As this progresses, more and more different eruptions will be brought into play. They are never the same, twice. When you see rock - that really hard stuff that mountains are made of and that lasts "forever" - in molten form spraying high into the night sky as incandescent fountains, or see the rivers of lava oblitering everything in its path, it is not like any other experience. This taffy-like substance will surely never build great mountains or even be inhabitable. Everything your mind knows about Earth rebels at such a suggestion. So you watch... fascinated. If you ever thought a fireplace hypnotic, you can imagine the fascination of a Hawaiian volcano eruption.
Only one person we have taken to see such events has ever just stayed in the car and not wanted to see or experience it at all. My mother.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 178 of 192: Paul Terry Walhus (terry) * Sat, May 13, 2006 (07:56) * 1 lines
Mount Merapi, which has been smouldering for three weeks, is threatening to erupt on the Indonesian island of Java. The volcano has been spewing gasses, ash and lava, prompting officials to raise the threat status to the highest level. ...
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 179 of 192: Rob Glennie (southernalps) * Tue, May 16, 2006 (23:43) * 5 lines
Kia Ora
Gunung Merapi (local name)is on a roll. The gas flows referred to in some reports were pyroclastic surges. There is a lava dome in the summit crater and it is still expanding. Yahoo News has been good at covering it, and the regular media are doing okay too.
Rob
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 180 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Wed, Jun 14, 2006 (12:31) * 1 lines
Interesting tv coverage plus fantastic internet images. Indonesia is a very volcanically unstable place. Keep watching!
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 181 of 192: geomancer (cfadm) * Sun, Jul 8, 2007 (19:58) * 46 lines
http://www.geonet.org.nz/volcano/volcams.html
Remote cameras are an important aid to our volcanologists. They allow them to quickly assess the status of the volcanoes, especially if they have recently recorded unusual seismic events or there have been reports of eruptions. A set of images from the last twenty-four hours may be displayed for each camera site by clicking on the volcano links at the right-hand side of this page. Larger versions of the latest seismograph recordings may be displayed by clicking on the thumbnail seismic drums.
White Island from Whakatane.
White Island from Whakatane. White Island Crater (floor).
White Island Crater (floor). White Island Crater (rim).
White Island Crater (rim). White Island Seismic Drum.
White Island Seismic Drum.
Ngauruhoe Volcano.
Ngauruhoe Volcano. Ngauruhoe Seismic Drum.
Ngauruhoe Seismic Drum.
Ruapehu Volcano.
Ruapehu Volcano. Ruapehu Seismic Drum.
Ruapehu Seismic Drum.
Taranaki (Egmont Volcano).
Taranaki (Egmont Volcano). Taranaki Seismic Drum.
Taranaki Seismic Drum.
The images from the cameras are made possible with the support of the following organisations:
* Environment Bay of Plenty
* Heli Pro (New Zealand)
* Mountain Air
* PeeJay Charters
* Taranaki Regional Council
* Volcanic Air Safaris
* Vulcan Helicopters
* White Island Trust
GNS Science EQC (Earthquake Commission)
from the above web page.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 182 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Sat, Jul 28, 2007 (12:32) * 2 lines
Fathers Day this year (June) began a new episode in the Kilauea eruption of 1983 cycle.
You can watch it happen http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/cam3/ Photos are best a night since the glowing lava is more apparent. I will write more on this. It has been very exciting. But, mostly, I do not miss being there.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 183 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Sat, Jul 28, 2007 (12:45) * 1 lines
Thank you William for finding my way into here. I thought it was here where my visit-the-volcano appeared but I could not find it. But, I continue...
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 184 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Sat, Jul 28, 2007 (17:55) * 1 lines
It is finally our lucky day. The most violent stages of the eruption have died down a bit and the earth under your feet have taken to gentle movements in less frantic fashion. Now, with your pockets stuffed with snacks, a flashlight attached to your belt and a water bottle on your hip you are ready to file in orderly fashion after the lead Park Ranger who is opening the trail for you. You hae a small group of dedicated people who waited with you and discussed other eruptions they had seen while the wait went on... and on. You leave the Volcano Observatory in a train of cars behind the Ranger car. It is on a roadway where we are going but there is little room there for parking so we are taken in small groups of 20 or so and the rest wait their turn at the observatory like we did.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 185 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Sat, Jul 28, 2007 (18:44) * 2 lines
Not even Christmas morning can bring on the excitment of being one of the first cars down the road to a new eruption. The road is often wiggly where it once was straight, and there are ominous cracks of measurable width across them and you have to negotiate as lightly as possible your way down the fractured paving.
The fragrance of burning asphalt comes to you strongly as you get close, and finally you are allowed to turn around and park. All cars must be facing out of the danger ares for quick retreat should the situation change. It is night but the sky is a dark blood red and suddenly over the shoulders of the people in front of you you see incadescent globs of lava being lofted high into the air. We are there !
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 186 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Sat, Jul 28, 2007 (18:47) * 1 lines
(As far as I know, no one but the Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory scientists have been allowed into the field to see the current new eruptive phase, but this is a little like what they are going through. There are excellent pictures on the website of HVO and if you look at night you will see similar scenes to the ones I am describing.)
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 187 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Sat, Jul 28, 2007 (18:56) * 1 lines
YOu forget about the grit between your back teeth and the itchy grit falling down the back of your neck and you walk too rapidly for the Ranger. He calls you back and you walk as patiently as possibly behind him trying to see where you are going. If it is in a pit crater you will be looking far across a gigantic hole in the ground to see anything (like my first eruption was. If it is down an incline out on the older lava flows, you are fortunate and will be able to get as close to it as you can. They allow you to do this since 2000 degree (F) rock is so hot it makes its own force field of heat and you can't get too close. You might try to pick up a piece of new lava nearby to look at it more closely but it will burn your fingers (It really does !) You can be there for long enough to listen to what it sounds like, to be aware of how it tastes, how the various colors of black thru red to yellow and white hot merge and blend into the velvet of the night.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 188 of 192: Lucie (alyeska) * Sat, Jul 28, 2007 (19:41) * 1 lines
I t sounds interesting. Are you still in Hawaii?
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 189 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Sun, Jul 29, 2007 (17:01) * 1 lines
NO, I am in the midwest permanently or as permanently away from Hawaii as I can get. Hawaii is a strange place. One should never try to live in Paradise lest all you find, finally, are the snakes.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 190 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Sun, Jul 29, 2007 (17:02) * 1 lines
I do miss the night hikes to see eruptions, though.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 191 of 192: geomancer (cfadm) * Thu, Aug 30, 2007 (17:00) * 1 lines
Well, at least you got a taste of Hawaii, and learned from it.
Topic 77 of 99 [Geo]: Living with Volcanoes
Response 192 of 192: Marcia (MarciaH) * Mon, Jun 30, 2008 (20:34) * 5 lines
Oh indeed and now folks you can watch the summit glow of a crater that appeared when the summit had a minor explosive event. The pit is several hundred feet deep and has been quite bright at night. It makes a great night light to leave it on as your desktop.
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/cam3/
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